The Knowledge Hub

 

Welcome to our Knowledge Hub.

This is your space to explore reliable, up-to-date information about POTS.

Below you’ll find a mix of peer-reviewed research, media stories, and government reports. While this isn’t a complete list, we’re adding more all the time.

We’ve linked to full articles wherever we can, but please note that some may sit behind a paywall (a site that asks you to pay or log in to read). If you hit a paywall, your local library or university might be able to help with free access.

🔓 Look for the open lock symbol to find articles that are free and open to everyone.

Due to copyright rules, we can’t share full-text versions here—but we’ll always point you in the right direction.

Lau, DH., Gallagher, C., & Seeley, M.-C. (2022). Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome: Therapy update. AusDoc.com.au.
LINK 🔓

Raj, S. R., Guzman, J. C., & Harvey, P. et al. (2020). Canadian Cardiovascular Society Position Statement on postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) and related disorders of chronic orthostatic intolerance. Canadian Journal of Cardiology, 36(3), 357–372.
LINK 🔓

Ewing, A. G., Joffe, D., Blitshteyn, S., Brooks, A. E. S., Wist, J., Bar-Yam, Y., et al. (2025). Long COVID clinical evaluation, research and impact on society: a global expert consensus. Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials, 24(1), 27. LINK 🔓

Blitshteyn, S., Whiteson, J. H., & Abramoff, B. et al. (2022). Multi-disciplinary collaborative consensus guidance statement on the assessment and treatment of autonomic dysfunction in patients with post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC). PM&R, 14(10), 1270–1291.
LINK

Vernino, S., Bourne, K. M., & Stiles, L. E. et al. (2021). Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS): State of the science and clinical care from a 2019 National Institutes of Health Expert Consensus Meeting – Part 1. Autonomic Neuroscience, 235, 102828.
LINK 🔓

Raj, S. R., Fedorowski, A., & Sheldon, R. S. et al. (2022). Diagnosis and management of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. CMAJ, 194(10), E378–E385.
LINK 🔓

Sheldon, R. S., Grubb, B. P., & Olshansky, B. et al. (2015). 2015 Heart Rhythm Society expert consensus statement on the diagnosis and treatment of postural tachycardia syndrome, inappropriate sinus tachycardia, and vasovagal syncope. Heart Rhythm, 12(6), e41–e63.
LINK 🔓

Seeley, M.-C., Wilson, G., & Ong, E. et al. (2025). Biological sex-dependent differences in postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS). European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing. Advance online publication. LINK 🔓

Seeley, M.-C., O’Brien, H., & Wilson, G. et al. (2025). Novel brain SPECT imaging unravels abnormal cerebral perfusion in patients with postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome and cognitive dysfunction. Scientific Reports, 15, Article 3487. LINK
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Seeley, M.C., O’Brien, H., & Gallagher, C. et al. (2024). Autonomic dysfunction in post-acute sequelae of COVID-19. European Journal of Internal Medicine, 127, 161–163. LINK

Peebles, K.C., Jacobs, C., & Makaroff, L. et al. (2024). The use and effectiveness of exercise for managing POTS in young adults with joint hypermobility and related conditions: A scoping review. Autonomic Neuroscience, 252. LINK

Seeley, M.C. (2024). Paradigm Shift: The Lived Experience of a Researcher with Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome. In: Stranieri, A., Meredith, G., Firmin, S. (eds) Research Partners with Lived Experience. Springer, Singapore. LINK

Seeley, M., Gallagher, C., & Lau, D.H. (2024). Emerging role of autonomic modulation by transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation: Electrifying hope in POTS? JACC: Clinical Electrophysiology, 10(2), 356–358. LINK

Seeley, M.C., Gallagher, C., & Ong, E. et al. (2025). High incidence of autonomic dysfunction and POTS in patients with long COVID: Implications for management and healthcare planning. The American Journal of Medicine. LINK

Seeley, M.C., Gallagher, C., & Ong, E. et al. (2023). Poor health-related quality of life in POTS in comparison with a sex- and age-matched normative population. Clinical Autonomic Research, 33(4), 469–477. LINK

Seeley, M.C., Lau, D.H., & Gallagher, C. (2023). Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome: Diagnosis and Management Guide for Nurses. Nursing: Research and Reviews, 13, 41–49. LINK 🔓

Seeley, M.C., Gallagher, C., & Colman, F. (2023). Impact of Long-COVID on Australian Sufferers: Implications for Healthcare Planning. Heart, Lung & Circulation, 32(10), e76–e77. LINK

Seeley, M.C., Hooper, M., & Tan, J. et al. (2023). Plasma exchange improves cognitive function in long-COVID-related POTS and autoimmune neurological dysfunction. The American Journal of Medicine. LINK

Malik, V., Nguyen, M., & Seeley, M. et al. (2022). Abnormal cardiac remodeling in POTS: Further insights into its cardiac origin. JACC: Clinical Electrophysiology, 8(8), 1044–1046. LINK 🔓

Seeley, M.C., Thynne, T.R., & Braund, W.J. et al. (2021). Desmopressin as a novel long-term treatment in POTS patients with polyuria. The American Journal of Medicine, 134(9), e486–e487. LINK

Seeley, M.C., & Lau, D.H. (2021). Raising the bar in POTS research: Evidence and challenges. Autonomic Neuroscience, 233, 102790. LINK

Wells, R., Malik, V., & Brooks, A.G. et al. (2020). Cerebral blood flow and cognitive performance in POTS: Insights from sustained cognitive stress test. Journal of the American Heart Association, 9(24), e017861. LINK 🔓

Wells, R., Paterson, F., & Bacchi, S. et al. (2020). Brain fog in POTS: An objective cerebral blood flow and neurocognitive analysis. Journal of Arrhythmia, 36(3), 549–552. LINK 🔓

Wells, R., Hissaria, P., & Elliott, A.D. et al. (2020). Plasma exchange therapy in POTS: A novel long-term approach? The American Journal of Medicine, 133(4), e157–e159. LINK

Wells, R., Elliott, A.D., & Mahajan, R. et al. (2018). Efficacy of therapies for POTS: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 93(8), 1043–1053. LINK

Morgan, K., Chojenta, C., & Tavener, M. et al. (2018). POTS during pregnancy: A systematic review. Autonomic Neuroscience, 215, 106–118. LINK

Wells, R., Spurrier, A.J., & Linz, D. et al. (2017). Postural tachycardia syndrome: Current perspectives. Vascular Health and Risk Management, 14, 1–11. LINK 🔓

Systematic Reviews

Vasavada A.M. et al. (2023). Choices and challenges with drug therapy in postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome: A systematic review. Cureus, 15(5), e38887. LINK 🔓

Hasan B. et al. (2020). Treatment of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome with medication: A systematic review. Journal of Child Neurology. LINK

Wells R. et al. (2018). Efficacy of therapies for postural tachycardia syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 93(8), 1043–1053. LINK

Ivabradine

Taub P.R. et al. (2021). Randomized trial of ivabradine in patients with hyperadrenergic postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 77(7), 861–871. LINK 🔓

Towheed A. et al. (2020). Ivabradine in children with postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome: A retrospective study. Cardiology in the Young, 30(7), 975–979. LINK

Delle Donne G. et al. (2018). Ivabradine in postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome: Preliminary experience in children. American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs, 18(1), 59–63. LINK

Gee M.E. et al. (2018). Ivabradine for the treatment of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome: A systematic review. American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs, 18(3), 195–204. LINK

Ruzieh M. et al. (2017). Ivabradine in the treatment of postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS), a single center experience. Pacing & Clinical Electrophysiology, 40(11), 1242–1245. LINK 🔓

McDonald C. et al. (2011). Single centre experience of ivabradine in postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. Europace, 13(3), 427–430. LINK 🔓

Jamil-Copley S. et al. (2010). Use of ivabradine in postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. Journal of Atrial Fibrillation, 2(1), 745–746. LINK 🔓

Beta Blockers

Wang S. et al. (2020). Heart rate and heart rate difference predicted the efficacy of metoprolol on postural tachycardia syndrome in children and adolescents. Journal of Pediatrics, 224, 110–114. LINK

Deng X. et al. (2019). Efficacy of β-blockers on postural tachycardia syndrome in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 7, 460. LINK 🔓

Zhao J. et al. (2014). Usefulness of plasma copeptin as a biomarker to predict the therapeutic effectiveness of metoprolol for postural tachycardia syndrome in children. American Journal of Cardiology, 114(4), 601–605. LINK

Arnold A.C. et al. (2013). Low-dose propranolol and exercise capacity in postural tachycardia syndrome: A randomized study. Neurology, 80(21), 1927–1933. LINK

Raj S.R. et al. (2009). Propranolol decreases tachycardia and improves symptoms in the postural tachycardia syndrome: Less is more. Circulation, 120(9), 725–734. LINK 🔓

Lai C.C. et al. (2009). Outcomes in adolescents with postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome treated with midodrine and β-blockers. Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology, 32(2), 234–238. LINK

Midodrine

Liao Y. et al. (2013). Flow-mediated vasodilation as a predictor of therapeutic response to midodrine hydrochloride in children with postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. American Journal of Cardiology, 112(6), 816–820. LINK

Zhang F. et al. (2012). Midregional pro-adrenomedullin as a predictor for therapeutic response to midodrine hydrochloride in children with postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 60(4), 315–320. LINK

Lai C.C. et al. (2009). Outcomes in adolescents with postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome treated with midodrine and β-blockers. Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology, 32(2), 234–238. LINK

Desmopression

Seeley M.-C. et al. (2021). Desmopressin as a novel long-term treatment in postural tachycardia syndrome patients with polyuria. The American Journal of Medicine, 134(9), e486–e487. LINK

Coffin S.T. et al. (2012). Desmopressin acutely decreases tachycardia and improves symptoms in the postural tachycardia syndrome. Heart Rhythm, 9(9), 1484–1490. LINK

Pyridostigmine

Kanjwal K. et al. (2011). Pyridostigmine in the treatment of postural orthostatic tachycardia: A single-center experience. Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology, 34(6), 750–755. LINK

Compression Therapy

Bourne, K.M. et al. (2024). A community-based trial of commercially available compression tights in patients with postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. JACC: Clinical Electrophysiology, Advance online publication. LINK

Bourne, K.M. et al. (2021). Compression garment reduces orthostatic tachycardia and symptoms in patients with postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 77(3), 285–296. LINK

Salt and Sodium Intake

Williams, E.L. et al. (2022). Salt supplementation in the management of orthostatic intolerance: Vasovagal syncope and postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. Autonomic Neuroscience, 237, 102906. LINK

Garland, E.M. et al. (2021). Effect of high dietary sodium intake in patients with postural tachycardia syndrome. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 77(17), 2174–2184. LINK 🔓

Exercise and Physiotherapy

Cortez, M.M., Aikins, K., & Arnold, A.C. et al. (2025). Impact of exercise to treat postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome: a systematic review. Frontiers in Neurology, 16. LINK

Svensson, A. et al. (2024). Individually tailored exercise in patients with postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome related to post-COVID-19 condition – a feasibility study. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 20017. LINK 🔓

Wheatley-Guy, C.M. et al. (2023). Semi-supervised exercise training program more effective for individuals with postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome in randomized controlled trial. Clinical Autonomic Research, 33(6), 659–672. LINK

Gibbons, C.H. et al. (2021). Cardiovascular exercise as a treatment of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome: A pragmatic treatment trial. Heart Rhythm, 18(8), 1361–1368. LINK

Reilly, C.C. et al. (2020). Breathlessness and dysfunctional breathing in patients with postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS): The impact of a physiotherapy intervention. Autonomic Neuroscience, 223, 102601. LINK

Fu, Q., & Levine, B.D. (2018). Exercise and non-pharmacological treatment of POTS. Autonomic Neuroscience, 215, 20–27. LINK 🔓

George, S.A. et al. (2016). The international POTS registry: Evaluating the efficacy of an exercise training intervention in a community setting. Heart Rhythm, 13(4), 943–950. LINK

Shibata, S. et al. (2012). Short-term exercise training improves the cardiovascular response to exercise in the postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. The Journal of Physiology, 590(15), 3495–3505. LINK 🔓

Morgan, K. et al. (2018). Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome during pregnancy: A systematic review of the literature. Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical, 215, 106–118. LINK

Ruzieh, M. et al. (2018). Overview of the management of postural tachycardia syndrome in pregnant patients. Autonomic Neuroscience, 215, 102–105. LINK

Bourne, K. et al. (2018). Postural tachycardia syndrome and pregnancy: Insights from a cross-sectional community-based survey. Clinical Autonomic Research, 28(5), 487–493. LINK 🔓

Bhatia, M. et al. (2018). Postural tachycardia syndrome and pregnancy. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist, 20(2), 119–123. LINK

Ewing, A.G., Joffe, D., Blitshteyn, S., Brooks, A.E.S., Wist, J., Bar-Yam, Y., et al. (2025). Long COVID clinical evaluation, research and impact on society: a global expert consensus. Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials, 24(1), 27. LINK 🔓

Seeley, M.-C. et al. (2025). High incidence of autonomic dysfunction and postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome in patients with long COVID: Implications for management and healthcare planning. The American Journal of Medicine. LINK 🔓

Angeles, M.R. et al. (2024). The economic burden of long COVID in Australia: more noise than signal? Medical Journal of Australia, 221 Suppl 9, S31–S39. LINK 🔓

Seeley, M.-C. et al. (2023). Impact of long-COVID on Australian sufferers: Implications for healthcare planning. Heart, Lung and Circulation. LINK

Seeley, M.-C. et al. (2023). Plasma exchange improves cognitive function in long-COVID-related postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome and autoimmune neurological dysfunction. The American Journal of Medicine. LINK

Hira, R. et al. (2023). Objective hemodynamic cardiovascular autonomic abnormalities in post-acute sequelae of COVID-19. Canadian Journal of Cardiology, 39, 767–775. LINK

Hira, R. et al. (2023). Autonomic manifestations of Long-COVID syndrome. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports. LINK

Kwan, A.C. et al. (2022). Apparent risks of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome diagnoses after COVID-19 vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nature Cardiovascular Research, 1, 1187–1194. LINK 🔓

Blitshteyn, S. et al. (2022). The risks of POTS after COVID-19 vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 infection: more studies are needed. Nature Cardiovascular Research, 1(12), 1119–1120. LINK 🔓

Blitshteyn, S. et al. (2022). Multi-disciplinary collaborative consensus guidance statement on the assessment and treatment of autonomic dysfunction in patients with post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC). PM&R, 14, 1270–1291. LINK

Fedorowski, A. et al. (2023). Autonomic dysfunction and postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome in post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Nature Reviews Cardiology, 20, 281–282. LINK 🔓

Raj, S.R. et al. (2021). Long-COVID postural tachycardia syndrome: An American Autonomic Society statement. Clinical Autonomic Research, 31, 365–368. LINK

Davis, H.E. et al. (2020). Characterizing Long COVID in an international cohort: 7 months of symptoms and their impact. medRxiv (Preprint). LINK 🔓

Seeley, M.C, Gallagher, C. & Lau, D. H (2023). Request for Adoption of a Unique International Classification of Disease Code for Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome: Request for Modification to ICD-10-AM/CHI/ACS Classification 10: 13th Edition. Submission to IHACPA LINK HERE

Seeley MC, & Gallagher C. (2022). A Submission to the Inquiry into Long-COVID and Repeated COVID Infections: Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome and its Association with Long-COVID. LINK HERE

Seeley MC, & Gallagher C. (2024). A Submission to the Therapeutic Goods Administration: Nomination for the Repurposing of Midodrine for the Indication of treating Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS). LINK HERE

Seeley, MC. Gallagher, C. Wilson, G. Lau, DH. (2023) Experiences of Women with Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome in Australia. Submission to the National Women’s Health Advisory Council. LINK HERE